Anglais juridique.

Anglais juridique

DE MONTFORT’S PARLIAMENT- 1265

• not xalled a Parliament but very similar to contemporary Pt
• Tried to implement the Provisions of Oxford
• Short-lived

- Henry’s troops rallied, De Monifort was killed in 1265

- Henry III returned to power

HENRY III’S RETURN TO POWER

• Henry summoned (convoquer) tne Council and acknowledged the Provisions of Oxford
• Concessions made to maintain the balance of power between the barons and the king
• continued by Henry’s son Edward I

- Re- issued the Magna Carta three times

- Set up a system for enforcing these rights

EDWARD II A WEAK KING AND A POWERFUL PARLIAMENT

• Edward II’s reign : 1284-1327
• Criticisms :

- Too many taxes on barons

- Favouritism, bad appointments

- homosexuality

• 1309 – confrontation between the King and the barons
• 1311 : 13 ordinaces reduce King’s powers

EDWARD’S DEPOSITION

• Edward repealed (annuler) the 1311 Ordinances
• He reinforced favouristism (despenser family)
• The Queen (Isabella) formed a plot with lover Lord Mortimer
• 1326 : Queen travels to France (country of origin) and buys support to invade England
• Edward’s lords deserted him
• He fled to Wales (Pays de Gale) and was arrested

EDWARS’S DEPOSITION BY PARLIAMENT

• How could Isabella and Mortimer depose the King legally ?
• Parliament
• Parliament must be convinced that deposition of King is necessary and legal
• 1327 : Edward officialy and unanimously deposed (later also forced to abdicate)
• Replaced by his son, Edward III

=> Dangerous precedent

EDWARD III AND THE GOOD PARLIAMENT

• Edward III’s reignmarked by militatry losses and corrupt royal officials
• Parliament summoned in 1376

- The Commons held the initiative

- They elected a Speaker of the House of Commons to communicate with the King

• impeachment proceedongs (procédure de destitution) against four corrupt royal officials
• Convicted (condamné) by the House of Lords and removed from office

FROM GOOD TO BAD PARLIAMENT ANOTHER DEPOSITION -RICHARD II

• Richard II’s reign (1377-1399) marked by

- Discontent with the church

- A lot of pooverty

- A new poll tax (cens)

• Peasants’ Revolt of 1381

- London was stormed

- The Chancellor and the Treasurer ( ministre des finances, trésorier) were killed by the mob

RICHARD’S AUTHIRITY UNDERMINED

• Nobles unhappy with King’s management of the 100 year war (guerre de cents ans) (1337-1453)
• 1386 Wonderful Parliament : commission to take over country’s management
• Richard continued his strategy (negotiations) and obliged judges to convict the commission of treason (trahison)
• Dissenters raised an army/ so did the King => military conflict
• King defeated and obliged to summon a Parliament

THE MERCILESS PARLIAMENT 1388

• Accused the nobles who had helped Richard

- No real trial

- Executions of King’s councellors

- Exile of judges involved in treason case

• No mercy (pas de pitier) (pity/ sympathy)
• Parliament issued Bills of Attainder (very severe punishment for treason, such as loss of land and inheritance right, no trial)
• Richard’s court : magnificent and French-inspired

RICHARD AND BOLINGBROKE (DUKE OF LANCASTER)

• Richard became convinced that Bolingbroke was plotting his deposition
• He found a way to banish him to France and take away his lands
• Bolingbroke drew up an armed force and invaded England while Richard was in Ireland
• Bolingbroke won easily
• Richard was held captive in the Tower of London

THE DEPOSITION OF RICHARD II : PARLIAMENT MAKES KINGS

• Richard was «  persuaded » to abdicate
• Parliament assembled and passed the Articles of Deposition unanimously

- Richard II was considered unfit ( inapte à)to reign

• Bolingbroke pronounced King Henry IV (descendant of Edward III)
• also needed Parliament to sanction his usurpation of the crown

ENGLAND DURING THE TUDOR ERA

• The country became more prosperous
• The population grew
• New territories were discovered

- Protestantism

• Merchants and big landowners increased their power
• The king also increased his power

HENRY VII’S CONSOLIDATION OF POWER

• 1. In 1487 he settled the problem of « retaining »

- Used by lords so retain large armies

- One of the reasons for the civil strife in the 15th centuary

• Nobles were no longer to retain armies
• 2. In 1487 he set up the Star Chamber Court :

- A court designed to try (juger) those accused of treason

- The court had a large degree of flexibility

• Was used to eliminate rivals
• 3. Henry became less dependent on Parliament for money

- He avolved wars

- He reducted royal expenditure (dépenser)

- He imposed heavy fines ( amendes) on those who broke the law

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