Investissements étrangers en Irlande, après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, pendant et depuis la période du tigre celtique (document en anglais)

Introduction

What is Celtic Tiger?

From 1990 to 1995 Ireland's economy grew at an average rate of 5.2% per year, and from 1996 to 2000 it increased at at an average rate of 9.6%. By the end of 2000,the nation's GDP per capita is higher than United Kingdom and Germany. Through a little more than a decade Ireland turned from the poorest country to the richest country in Europe.

How did that happened?

The Celtic Tiger has been explained through many factors: low corporate taxes, low wages, US economic boom, foreign investment, stable national economy, adequate budget policies, EU membership, and EU subsidies. We are now focusing on the impact of the Foreign Direct Investment.

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) occurs when a multinational company from one country has an ownership position in an organizational unit located in another country. A country's ability to attract FDI affects its economic fortunes considerably , as such investments create jobs and bring in tax revenues.

Ireland's economic success is considered to be highly linked to FDI. FDI comes to Ireland in search of resources and efficiency.

• FDI was attracted to Ireland because of its well-educated labour force (resources).

• FDI was also attracted to Ireland because of its low corporate taxes and ready access to the European market (efficiency)

Part1 , the example of the pharmaceutical industry.

Today eight of the top ten laboratories worldwide have chosen to design their products in Irish land . Elan, Johnson & Johnson, Abbott, Roche ... so many big names who have invested nearly $ 40 billion in less than 20 years helping to develop strong Irish economy.

• The tax advantages offered to foreign investors will allow them to have a lower export price. Many laboratories especially turned to chemistry (basic as organic ... Abbott) and will take this opportunity to import goods and re-export without changes or with a null transformation.

• Ireland and attracts several large industrial including the pharmaceutical industry due to its potential for economic development but also, as was the case of laboratory Squibb, because of its proximity to Europe and its membership in the European union (thus opening the doors of the European market laboratories cost: salary can high, low taxes ...).

During the 90s the pharmaceutical industry encouraged by the country's economic policy is established in Ireland and raised its economic growth. Investment in direct flow Laboratories Americans at that time represented more than 1.3% of investments in Europe. By reducing debt, curbing unemployment and creating hundreds of jobs, the pharmaceutical industry has become a pillar of the Irish economy. In early 2000 the GDP per capita was the second highest in Europe and the industry accounted for about 20% of exports.

From 2001 the pharmaceutical sector (while Ireland plunged into inflation, sees its tourism decline sharply FMD, September 11 ...), continued to grow so exponentially. Foreign investment in direct flow of more than 28 million this year. Sales are growing at a crazy fast, so that America will become the biggest customer of the island. However, the pharmaceutical industry, which had previously helped to develop the country's economy, will now assume the role of maintaining this economy. Growth will be 6% in 2002, although the country's national product grew by only 1%. Since 2004 government policy and IDA are focusing on technological advances (1.43% of GDP in 2008), pushing research on biotechnology and nanobiotechnology thus ensuring the continuity of foreign pharmaceutical investment in Ireland. By committing to biotechnology, the government is confident of creating new jobs in the future as well as investments laboratories over 115 million (by 2014).

Part 2 example in IT sector industry

IBM has been operating in Ireland since 1956 and is today made up of a diverse workforce of over 3,200 employees across a broad range of businesses and locations which include research, software development, supply chain management, pan European telesales and telemarketing, financial shared services and technical support.

The focal point for IBM's investments in Ireland is the IBM Technology Campus established in 1996, on a 100 acre site in Mulhuddart, Dublin. The Campus has evolved into a research, development and services centre with new knowledge based, highly skilled

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