Culture Générale, Licence Anglais. 1337 – 1453: Hundred years' wars.

Culture Générale

1337 – 1453: Hundred years' wars.

_Battle of Castillon in 1453: a decisive French victory, it is considered to mark the end of the Hundred Years' War. As a result of the battle, the English lost all landholdings in France, except Calais and the Channel Islands. 

_The year after there was a civil war in England called ''the wars of the roses'' which is like a consequence of the Hundred Years War. There were a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England between the Yorkist and the Lancastrian. 

This war lasted from 1454 to 1485. The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party: Henry Tudor, who defeated the last Yorkist king: Richard III 

Voir feuille the wars of the roses.

1485: Henry Tudor became Henry 6. The marriage between Henry and Elizabeth of York is like a symbolic end.  

French historians tend to take the date 1453 to mark the end of the middle age and the beginning of the Renaissance.

During that period of years many of Royal people died. Crimes increased.

Henry 6 made private armies illegal (laws against Maintenance).

And secondly he changed the law and allowed nobles to sell off parts of their hereditary lands whereas before it was illegal. It's called “the Abolition of the Law of Entail”.

Both of these laws was designed to further …..... nobility. The power of …. became impossible to fight.  

In England, feudalism died when Henry was in charge of the country.

and his son Henry 7 was an undisputed ruler at the perfect example of this during the New Renaissance.

The most powerful was Charles Quint. He was born in 1500 in Gent at the end of 1500's he became prince of Netherlands, king of Spain and King of Sicily.

3 years later he was elected. At the age of 19 he became the most powerful monarch and his family: Habsburg played an important role in the Reformation.

Voir la feuille.

To have an idea of how he managed to get territories:

voir la feuille.

                                    → We can talk about the role of his family.

Henry 7 and the Kingdom of Spain organized a huge marriage between Arthur de Galles -Arthur Tudor- and Catherine d'Aragon in 1501. That's very important cause Catherine was the aunt of Charles Quint therefore the sister of Jeanne la folle. That wasn't a big deal at the beginning cause Charles was only one.

Four months later this marriage Arthur died in 1502. He was in very bad health. Consequently Henri 7 and Ferdinand of Spain decided that they would marry Catherine to Henry -the brother of Athur-.

He was just 11 years old but he would be betrothed to her. But the problem is that Henry was going to marry his Brother's widow at the end and it was forbidden. (old testament)

So Henry the 7 and Ferdinand of Spain asked a special dispensation of the virginity proof to allow Henry to marry his brother's widow. When Henry the 7 -père d'Henry 8- died, prince Henry became Henry the 8 and he respected his father' wishes and he married Catherine in 1509, he was 18.

At this time Charles V was 5 years old.

To talk about the nobility, there was a decline of the Pope's power.

The pioneer of the European Reformation was Martin Luther and in 1517 he attacked some practices and beliefs of the traditional catholic religion.

Medieval catholicism had divided Europe in the theocracy. It was a consequence of the attack of Martin so Europe was divided in the catholicism and the protestantism.

Much later, when Henry wanted to divorce he used this conflict as a pretext to do that.

Henry the 8 remained a fervent catholic until the end of his life. In terms of doctrine he accepted the catholic view.

Two things:

_accepting the doctrine of Transubstantiation (the catholic interpretation of the Eucharist)

_accepting the idea of the merits of works (le salut par les oeuvres)

Martin Luther attacked both of these ideas. He rejected everything.

Voir la feuille.

He accepted only 3 sacraments.

Henry the 8 was only interested in theology and he wrote a book in 1521 called “On The Sacraments”. In 1521 the pope was Leon X, ''Defender of the Faith'', Fidei Defensor.

Annexed to the English Crown by Act of Parliament in 1543 and 1559.

There's a title on coins

ELIZABETH II DG. REG F.D

                           Dei Gracia/ Regina/ Fidei Defensor

by the grace of God Queen Defender of the Faith.

Voir la feuille sur The Eucharist.

Voir la feuille sur Purgatory.

Doctrine of Purgatory fully elaborated in the latter half of the twelfth century.

Voir la feuille sur l'indulgence.

+ résumé sur la vie de Luther.

His doctrine was called “Sola fide”: only the faith matters.

He had an idea: “The Priesthood Of All Believers”: a doctrine of the Protestant Christian Church: every individual has direct access to God without ecclesiastical mediation and each individual shares the responsibility of ministering to the other members of the community of believers.

...