Dictature religieuse en Iran

Today we are going to talk about Iran which has a rich history dating back to antiquity, with civilizations such as the Persians, Medes and Achaemenids leaving a deep and lasting imprint. The Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BC, was one of the largest empires in history. The conquests of Alexander the Great brought significant changes, and Islam was introduced in the 7th century.  With a population of around 83 million, Iran is made up of various ethnic groups, of which Persians form the majority. Teheran, the capital, is the country's political, economic and cultural center.Iran was the scene of a major transformation in 1979, when the Islamic Revolution overthrew the Shah's regime, establishing an Islamic Republic led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Since then, Iran has been characterized by a form of government that embodies theocratic principles and a strict interpretation of Shiite Islam. Religious influence is deeply present in all spheres of political, social and legal life, creating a power structure in which religious authorities play a central role. This fusion of religion and politics has given rise to international debate and human rights concerns, particularly with regard to freedom of expression and cultural diversity.

A theocracy is a society where the political authority is based on a divine order and where the holder of power is either the incarnation of a god, or his descendant, or his minister.

The highest authority in the country is the Supreme Leader, currently it’s Ali Khamenei , who is both the political and spiritual leader. The Supreme Leader is a cleric and has significant powers, including control over the military, judiciary, and the media. Choosing the Supreme Leader is a complex processus. The Assembly of Experts is made up of religious members elected by the people every eight years. Its main responsibility is to supervise and select the Supreme Leader. The Assembly of Experts normally has around 88 members, but this number can change. Members are religious figures and experts in Islamic law.The Supreme Leader has no fixed term of service, but is appointed for life. However, the Assembly of Experts can theoretically remove him from office if he is deemed incapable of performing his duties.

The President,Ebrahim Raïssi, is the head of government and is elected by the public through a popular vote. The president's powers are more limited compared to the Supreme Leader, and the president's term is typically four years. The president is responsible for the administration of the government.Presidential candidates in Iran must be Shiite Muslims, at least 25 years old, with a history of loyalty to the Islamic Republic. The Guardian Council, an institution made up of members elected by the Supreme Leader and expert jurists, examines candidates to see if they respect Islamic and constitutional criteria.

The Iranian Parliament, known as the Majlis, is the legislative body. Members of the Majlis are elected by the public. The parliament plays a role in making laws, approving the budget, and supervising the executive branch.The Iranian parliament is unicameral, meaning that it is composed of a single chamber. It is made up of elected members known as representatives.It is important to remember that the Iranian political system is based on the principles of the Islamic Republic, where Islamic Sharia law strongly influences legislation and governance.

The Guardian Council is a powerful body responsible for vetting candidates for elections and ensuring that legislation complies with Islamic principles and the constitution. It consists of clerics and legal experts.The Guardian Council has a total of twelve members. Six of them are jurists specializing in Islamic law, appointed by the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Revolution, the supreme authority in Iran. The other six members are jurists specialized in civil law and are chosen by the Iranian Parliament, also known as the Majlis. The members of the Guardian Council have a 6 years mandate.The Guardian Council's main role is to supervise and validate elections in Iran. This includes presidential, parliamentary and referendum elections. The Council examines candidacies and can disqualify candidates if it considers that they do not respect Islamic principles or the laws of the Islamic Republic.

Iran is often referred to as a religious dictatorship due to how religion, particularly Shiite Islam, is integrated into its political and social system.

The Iranian government has faced criticism for suppressing political opposition, restricting freedom of speech, and cracking down on protests. The Iranian government has been known to restrict and control the media, both traditional and online. Independent journalism faces challenges, and censorship is common. The government often blocks websites and social media platforms, limiting access to information if they publish information deemed contrary to the ideological line of the regime.

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