La notion d'espaces

In the notion of spaces and exchanges the subject I go treat is on the global cities. The global city it's a city very big, large with millions of people and vast, huge suburbs. The city can regroup several powers like economic, policy, cultural. In classroom we studied two global cities. We worked on London and Singapore.

London was during the nineteenth century a city with many pollution. In nineteen fifty two, there was the great SMOG in london, which occurred in december, the people died and tall the city stopped working. The SMOG is thick fog, from a mixture of air pollutants, which limits visibility in the atmosphere. It's a pollution. The SMOG is bad for the health and the environment. In London the people were irritated lungs, they breathed loudly, they had eyes that stung. They were difficult of life conditions. But after the SMOG London has worked on sustainable development. There have been improvements in transport which allowed have less cars in the center, less trafics jam or less noise, pollution, less stress in the center. More recently there has been the installation of solar panels or the bioenergy. London is so a city who develops.

Singapore, is an island that is in fact both a city and a state. It was a British colony up until nineteen sixty five when it gained its independence and became a democratic republic Several official languages are spoken and there are a little bit more than 5 millions inhabitants, composed of almost more 1 million non resident foreigners. Singapore has very strict rules, for example there are fines of 500 $ for people who spit, throw papers and waste on the soil and Eating, drinking is prohibited in the bus and subway, we can get a fine of about 500 $. This is why Singapor is a fine city, it's too hard to street but these laws are efficient since the city is clean and tidy.

Urban spaces and exchanges are shaped by the ongoing transformation of the world. Today's networked world has become a sort of global village in which global cities play the role communication hubs.

The global cities are not a completely new phenomenon: London has long been of international importance; but new cities have emerged, such as Singapore. Whether they be old or new, these urban concentrations create both opportunities to be exploited and problems to be solved.

The spaces can progress and take various contours. Today despite large disparities in the development of different countries, they can be grouped through the exchanges. The cultural exchanges in the fields of literature, arts, science, or the exchanges of lifestyle, society model. Also some countries have common feature like language, a political system, an economic system. The spaces change in the time and exchanges contribute to the evolution of the spaces.

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