Lessons Vocabulary

AHC Lesson 4 L1S1 A2 LEVEL HOMEWORK, VIDEO LINKS AND EXERCISES

Lesson four Grammar point.

Modal Auxiliaries....  ()

• TRUE MODALS (focus on Conditionals) If something clause, Modal clause)

• Will
• Would
• Can
• Could
• Should
• Must
• May
• Might

• Wannabees/True Modal replacements

• Have to
• Ought to
• Need to
• Supposed to
• Be able to
• Manage to

• There are four types of conditional sentences:
• 0 – The zero conditional
• 1 – The first conditional
• 2 – The second conditional
• 3 – The third conditional
• At the end of the explanation of conditionals, found on the next page, go to the links posted and complete the FIRST page of exercises for each of the 4 conditionals....

• Making conditional sentences is an everyday part of your native language, and introducing them to your English conversation can really improve your level of communication. There are four conditionals in total and you will learn to use them gradually, obviously starting with the most basic ones – the zero and first conditional. To have a general idea of how all the conditionals work, take a look at this overview so you can start to get an idea of what they are and when we use them.

• What is a Conditional Sentence?

• A conditional sentence is based on the word ‘if’. There are always two parts to a conditional sentence – one part beginning with ‘if’ to describe a possible situation, and the second part which describes the consequence. For example:
• If it rains, we’ll get wet.
• We can also invert the two parts of a conditional sentence so that the ‘if’ part comes second, and this is especially common in questions. For example:
• What will you do if you miss the train?
• How can you finish the project if you don’t have a computer?
• What happens if the students don’t pass an exam?
• There are four types of conditional sentences:
• 0 – The zero conditional
• 1 – The first conditional
• 2 – The second conditional
• 3 – The third conditional
• It is also possible to mix the second and third conditional. Let’s look at each conditional to see how we use them.

• The Zero Conditional

• We use the zero conditional to talk about permanent truths, such as scientific facts, and general habits. The structure is simple:
• [pic 1]
• Here are some examples:
• If you heat water to 100°, it boils.
• If you eat a lot, you put on weight.
• If it doesn’t rain for a long time, the earth gets very dry.
• If we go out with friends, we normally go to a restaurant.
• If I’m tired, I go to bed early.

• The First Conditional

• We use the first conditional to talk about a realistic situation in the present or future. The structure of the first conditional is as follows:
• [pic 2]
• Here are some examples:
• If you’re free later, we can go for a walk.
• If they’re hungry, I’ll make some sandwiches.
• If you’re not back by 5pm, give me a ring.
• If he studies hard, he’ll do well in the exam.
• If we arrive late, we must get a taxi.
• He’ll call if he needs help.
• Take a break if you’re tired.
• Another way to make first conditional sentences is to use ‘unless’ which means ‘only if’ or ‘except’. As with ‘if’, the word ‘unless’ can never be followed by ‘will’ but only by the present simple. For example:
• Unless you hurry up, you won’t catch the bus.
• I’ll carry on doing this work, unless my boss tells me to do something else.
• We’ll stay at home unless the weather improves.

• The Second Conditional

• We use the second conditional to talk about improbable or impossible situations in the past truths, present or future possibilities. Here is the structure:
• [pic 3]
• For example:
• If I had more time, I’d exercise more. (But I don’t have more time so I don’t.)
• If I were rich, I’d spend all my time travelling. (But I’m not rich so I can’t.)
• If she saw a snake, she’d be terrified.
• If he didn’t have to work late, he could go out with his girlfriend.
• What would you do if you were offered a job in Canada?
• You wouldn’t have to walk everywhere if you bought a bike.
• A common expression used to give advice has the second conditional structure. The expression, which represents the subjunctive form in English,  is ‘If I were you, I’d..’, meaning ‘in your situation, this is what I would do’. For example:
• A: I’ve got a headache.
• B: If I were you, I’d take an aspirin.
• A: I don’t understand this.
• B: If I were you, I’d ask your teacher for help.
• A: This order won’t be delivered on time.
• B: If I were you, I’d phone the customer to let them know.

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