La royauté en Angleterre

English :

TD n°3 :

Ireland :

The plantation of Ulster (17th century) was the organized colonization of Ulster, a province of Ireland by people from Great Britain. King James was involved in the plantation. They saw the plantation as a way to control, anglicize and "civilize" Ulster.

Home Rule was a plan to give Ireland internal autonomy, while remaining under the British crown. In 1870, Isaac Butt created the Home Government Association to promote the autonomy of the island, and the institution of a parliament in Dublin, as part of the United Kingdom.

The Irish War of Independence was a guerrilla war fought in Ireland from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and British forces. The independence is acquired in 1922.

The Good Friday agreement is a pair of agreements signed on 10 April 1998 that ended most of the violence of the Troubles, a political conflict in Northern Ireland that had ensued since the late 1960s

India:

In the 17 the century Britain had already a commercial relationship with India, with the East India Company.

India became a British colony, known as British Raj, in 1858, and in 1876, queen Victoria was declared Empress of India after the transfer of the ownerships of the east India company to the British crown.

The british Raj encompasses India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Birmania.

British raj lasted until 1947 when it was partitioned into two sovereign dominion states: the Dominion of India (later republic of India) and the dominion of Pakistan.

Gandhi with his ideas of freedom participated in the independence and was a main figure of the non-violence protest.

Finally, India became a republic in 1950.

Africa :

The scramble of Africa refers to the process of territorial competition between European powers in Africa, (mainly between 1880 and the First World War). The two main European countries involved were France and the United Kingdom.

The relations between the European powers over Africa at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries can be seen as emblematic of the events leading up to the First World War.

The second half of the nineteenth century, from 1877 onwards, saw the transition from informal imperialism, characterized by military influence and economic dominance, to centralized governance, direct domination => new imperialism

Africa had known a wave of nationalist protest which was followed by independence in 1950s-1980s.

US colonies:

The United States were discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 during the age of exploration.

The triangular trade is a "slave trade" linking Europe, Africa and America, for the deportation of black slaves, first bartered in Africa for European products (textiles, weapons) then in America for colonial raw materials (sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, tobacco).

The American Revolution was a period of political change after 1763 in the thirteen British colonies in North America that led to the American War of Independence against Great Britain (1775-1783). A founding moment of the American nation and the birth of the United States, the revolution manifested itself in violence against the British authorities.

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