History and evolution of computer

Oral presentation :

Intro : Antoine

1. History and evolution of the computer : Thomas

Thomas :

-First, in 1839 François-Pierre Foucault creates the ancestor of the computer: the typewriter.

-In 1944, we observe the invention of the first programmable computer by Howard Aiken, an American specialist. This machine can do calculations five times faster than Man.

-2 years later, Eckert start up the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Computer) to solve complex physical equations to avoid the risk of errors.

-1948 : Wallace Eckert, the Eckert’s brother work with the IBM (International Business Machine). IBM is an American multinational company. They allowed to create the SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator). For the first time, informations can be stored. Next, IBM considers that SSEC is the very first computer.

Antoine :

-In 1951, Eckert and Mauckly, still they, implement UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer). Faster in term of calculation per second, it is the first computer to be marketed. So the computer begins to democratize.

-Later, the TRADIC (Transistor Digital Computer) is created by the BELL Company in 1956. It is the first machine to use transistors, diodes no vacuum tube because they were less reliable. It allows to reduce the size of computers and the energy consumption.

-1972 : R2E Company develop the MICRAL which is considered as the first PC (Personal Computer). We note the appearance of the microprocessor which returns the computer accessible to the private individuals.

-In 1977, We see appearing the APPLE Computer Company. The APPLE computer permits an evolution of the micoprocesseur with faster calculations and a reduction of the size of PC. The APPLE is considered like the first microcomputer. (hard disk : 16ko, screen, keyboard, graphics board color and a gamepad).

Thomas :

-1981 : OSBORNE Computer Company creates the OSBORNE 1. The computer become portable. It can be transport of the office or at home. This invention  revolutionizes the way of working on a computer because we can work where we want. (weight : 11kg)

-In the years 2000, the computer have :

• better design (computers finer, larger sreen, colors…) ;
• better graphisms ;
• autonomy (for the PCs)
• storage (hard disk)
• means of communication (Wifi, Bluetooth, the Internet…)

Antoine :

-APPLE design the IPAD, the first tablet of its generation. The screen is tactile and permit to remove the keyboard, the mouse as well as the motherboard. It includes all modern communication techniques like the 3G, the WIFI and the Bluetooth.

-Nowadays, we have the MacBook Pro created since 2006 and the Hybrid Tablet PC which is at the same time a laptop computer and a tablet.

1. Design and Compare : Thomas

Thomas :

-1944 : The Programmable Computer by Aiken :

• Length : 17 meters long ;
• Height : 2.5 meters high ;
• It’s made of metal and electric wires (800km) ;
• Shape : rectangular shape.

Antoine :

-1951 : The UNIVAC by Eckert and Mauckly :

• Length : 5 meters long ;
• It’s made of metal and electric wires ;
• Dimensions : 35.5 square meters ;
• Shape : rectangular shape .

With the beginning of the marketing of computers, we can observe a new design interest for.

Thomas :

-1956 : The TRADIC by BELL company :

Its size is reduced since the vacuum tubes are removed, like the energy.

• Length : 3 meters long ;
• It’s made of metal and electric wires ;
• Height : 1.80 meters high ;
• Shape : rectangular shape.

Antoine :

-1972 : MICRAL by R2E company :

• Length : 43cm long and 44cm wide ;
• It’s made of metal and electronical components ;
• Height : 13cm high ;
• Weight : 8.2kg weigh ;
• Shape : rectangular shape

Thomas :

-1981 : OSBORNE 1 by OSBORNE Computer Company :

The first laptop.

• Length : 43cm long and 44cm wide ;
• Height : 13cm high ;
• Weight : 8kg weigh ;
• It’s made of metal, electrical components and plastic for the keyboard ;
• Shape : square shape.

Antoine :

In  the years 2000, the designers reduced the weight and the size of computers.

Also, they found new materials.

1. Performance evolvement : Antoine

Antoine :

Since 1956 to 1990s, we realize that the memory of storage is very important because without this one, we can’t make complex calculations or backing up important data. But the means of storage were very large in size like the cassette tape, the floppy disk or the CD.

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