Vocabulaire : link words

1. Giving additional information

and – not only / but – as well as

in addition – furthermore – moreover – besides – apart from

The flat is too small and furthermore, it is not in the town centre.

1. Contrast

but – however – nevertheless – yet

although – (even) though – in spite of – despite

whereas / while – on the one hand ... on the other hand

Geologists are using radio-active analysis, nevertheless it is not suitable in every case.

He moved out to Japan although he couldn’t speak Japanese / despite his desire to stay in the UK.

1. Contrast to what people think

actually – in fact – in actual fact – in reality

Most people think that Fleming was the father of penicillin, but actually most of the work was done by Florey.

1. Cause / consequence

because – as – since

because of – due to – owing to

consequently – therefore – thus – hence – as a result – (thereby)

so that

He came here because he needed help / because of the help he needed.

The arteries become gradually blocked, thereby reducing the oxygen supply to the brain.

1. Condition

if – provided / providing – whether

unless - otherwise

Whether you like it or not, I will come.

Unless the birth rate decreases, there will be a major food crisis.

1. Introducing something obvious / generally accepted

obviously – naturally – of course clearly - doubtless

Obviously, some children will need higher levels of support than others.

1. Making a general statement

in general – generally speaking – on the whole – as a rule

As a rule,  metals are inflammable.

1. Clarification

for example / for instance – such as –

that is to say – in other words – namely

The quantity of heat is expressed in the same units as energy and work, namely joules.

1. It must be six o’clock. No, actually...
2. If you heat copper to 400°C, it becomes viscous, in other words...
3. The current was too high, as a result...
4. Mercury is a metal, nevertheless...
5. Amphetamines are dangerous, therefore...
6. As a rule, water freezes at 0°C, but...
7. Glass is fragile, thus...
8. The motor was out of date, besides...
9. Hydrocarbons are relatively light, in fact...
10. Water usually boils at 100°C, however...

1. it begins to melt.
2. they float on water.
3. it should be handled with care.
4. they should be kept away from children.
5. it does not do so if you add salt.
6. the wires began to overheat.
7. it consumed too much fuel.
8. it is a fluid.
9. at higher altitudes, the temperature is lower.
10. it is five past six.

1. Apparently, young people go on to higher education ...... make a lot of money in the future.

1. for     b) so as to     c) in view of     d) with a view to

1. ...... what we have done for him he remains quite ungrateful.

1. Beside     b) In all     c) Though     d) In spite of

1. ...... he apologizes, we’ll never see him again.

1. In spite of     b) Unless     c) Whatever     d) Besides

1. They will not resume negotiations unless the government ...... major concessions.

1. will offer     b) would offer     c) offered     d) offers

1. We really must go now, ...... we’ll be late.

1. either     b) whether     c) otherwise     d) unless

1. ...... his brother he is not at all fluent in English.

1. Different from     b) Unlike     c) Contrary     d) Not like

1. He was not sure ..... to treat the merger idea seriously or not.

1. if     b) how     c) whether     d) about

1. ...... you like it or not does not make much difference.

1. Either     b) Though     c) Whereas     d) Whether

1. Poachers have slaughtered thousands of animals ...... attempts by armed wardens to stop them.

1. thanks to     b) because of     c) whose     d) despite

1. ...... the friendly comments coming from Moscow, the post-war division continues.

1. Although     b) In spite     c) Because     d) Despite

1. ...... the government disapproves, cultivation of the opium poppy thrives.

1. As if     b) Ø     c) So that     d) Even though

1. ...... ploughing the field, the farmer uncovered a dinosaur jawbone.

1. As though     b) While     c) Since     d) During

1. ...... he had finished painting, the artist sniffed a little coke and gazed in wonder at the model on the couch.

1. As soon as     b) Even when     c) Only if     d) So that

1. ...... governments point with pride to increasing mechanization in agriculture, human and animal power still produce most of the Third World’s food.

1. Since     b) Because     c) So that     d) While

1. Some metals are malleable, ...... others are so brittle that they break easily when bent.

1. like     b) while     c) which     d) there

1. ...... we become technologically innovative, or our country will not escape underdevelopment.

1. Whereas     b) However     c) If not     d) Either

Example:   More women are getting executive jobs in high finance.

                → Clearly, this means that they are under greater stress.

                        → The number of women drinking alcohol is therefore rising.

                                → In addition, many of the women suffer from depression.