Noir aux États-Unis de 1860 à présent

The blacks in the United States of 1860 in now

At the beginning of the American Civil War, Lincoln's priority is not the abolition of slavery but before any maintaining the unity(unit) of the Union. The blacks are moreover refused in the army until 1862. The fate(spell) of the black slaves will really intervene in the stakes in this war only when the army of the North will need soldiers for the staff of its troops and spies to inform her(it) about the actions of Confederates. This is why Lincoln promises, in November, 1863 during the speech of Gettysburg, this is why the emancipation of all the slaves will be declared to the end of the war if the North is victorious, inviting so the blacks to join the Unionists. From there, the abolition of slavery thus becomes the stake in the American Civil War.

It is following the series of strategic errors that the army of the South, extremely weakened, finishes to go(surrender) to Appomattox in April, 1865 when general Lee lays down arms. Lincoln will be murdered a few days later in a theater by a Southern(Confederate) activist. It is thus his Vice-president, Andrew Johnson, who will abolish the slavery by making vote for the 13th amendment (in the American Constitution) in December, 1865.

After the American Civil War, the States of the South had to revise their

Constitutions to reinstate(re-enter) the Union. The recently obtained abolition was quickly completed by two amendments: the 14th amendment voted in 1868 which established the equality in the citizenship (fundamental arrangement(measure) in particular regarding voting right) and the 15th amendment voted in 1870 which guaranteed the equality of all the citizens in front of the law.

But the reality was quite different: new black codes were tacitly set up, so delivering the emancipated slaves to the planters of the South. The lands which must be redistributed to the former(old) slaves were it only in a extremely partial way. Some lands which were redistributed were acquired(bought back) anyway then with derisory sums by whites (the blacks were rarely capable of managing a farm - because nobody had ever taught him(it) them - and quickly had to undergo the pressures of the whites). The blacks were obliged thus quickly be used(employed) by their former(old) masters(teachers). After the abolition of slavery, the Blacks begin gradually to leave plantations to settle down in exclusively black districts. In the daily life, it is necessary out of the question, for the whites, to be next(go alongside) to blacks on an equal footing. This will of separation will result in a reality called the segregation.

The racial segregation consists in separating the different colored persons some are their activities: to the restaurant, to the toilet at the school, in the purchase or the sale of a house... The segregation of the blacks in the United States began with the birth of the slavery in the " Black Code " of 1687.

Because of the racial segregation, the blacks were lynched, They had to drink in distributors to reserve for " people of colors ", to walk(work) on pavements reserved in blacks, to leave their places(squares) in the bus to the whites, they also were to deprive of quite right(straight) civic and of possibility of participating in the space public. In the secondary sector, the

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